Exercises

Giving Directions	Explicando o Caminho
Leaving your (hotel, home, job...)	Saindo do seu (hotel, casa, trabalho...)
It's easy to get there.	É fácil de chegar lá.
How do I get there?	Como chego lá?
Look for the signs that say...	Procure as placas indicando...
Go straight... / Go straight ahead	Vá reto...
Block	Quadra, quarteirão
Keep going for about (2) blocks...	Continue por (2) quarteirões, quadras...
Turn right / left at...	Vire à direita / esquerda na...
Traffic lights	Semáforo
Corner	Esquina
Street / Avenue / Road	Rua / Avenida / Estrada
Main Road	Rua Principal
At the end	No final
Go up (Main Street)	Suba a (Rua Principal)
Get off at...	Saia na...
Take the (Blue Street) heading towards...	Pegue a (Rua Azul) no sentido / em direção...
Until you get to...	Até chegar na...
And just keep going...	E vá embora... / E continue indo...
When you get to...	Quando chegar a...
Stay to your left / right	Fique à esquerda / direita
Look out for (a supermarket)...	Procure (um supermercado)...
It's right on the corner.	É bem na esquina.
It's on your right / left	Fica à sua direita / esquerda
You'll pass a...	Você vai passar por um...
It's on (Albert Street) and (Ocean Street)	Fica na (Rua Alberto) com a (Rua Oceano)
It's in the middle of the block	É no meio da quadra / quarteirão
It's between _______ and ______	Fica entre _______ e _______
It's right next to...	É bem ao lado do...
Cross over	Atravessar
If you pass ______, then you've gone too far.	Se chegar num _______, então já passou.
You can't miss it!	Não tem erro!

History of Central Park

by Elizabeth Blackmar and Roy Rosenzweig
(please see full credit at the end of this section)
Central Park was the first landscaped public park in the United States. Advocates of creating the park--primarily wealthy

Skating on the Lake in turn of the century Central Park.

merchants and landowners--admired the public grounds of London and Paris and urged that New York needed a comparable facility to establish its international reputation. A public park, they argued, would offer their own families an attractive setting for carriage rides and provide working-class New Yorkers with a healthy alternative to the saloon. After three years of debate over the park site and cost, in 1853 the state legislature authorized the City of New York to use the power of eminent domain to acquire more than 700 acres of land in the center of Manhattan. An irregular terrain of swamps and bluffs, punctuated by rocky outcroppings, made the land between Fifth and Eighth avenues and 59th and 106th streets undesirable for private development. Creating the park, however, required displacing roughly 1,600 poor residents, including Irish pig farmers and German gardeners, who lived in shanties on the site. At Eighth Avenue and 82nd Street, Seneca Village had been one of the city's most stable African-American settlements, with three churches and a school. The extension of the boundaries to 110th Streetin 1863 brought the park to its current 843 acres.
The question of who should exercise political control of this new kind of public institution was a point of contention throughout the nineteenth century. In appointing the first Central Park Commission (1857-1870), the Republican-dominated state legislature abandoned the principle of "home rule" in order to keep the park out of the hands of locally-elected (and primarily Democratic) office holders. Under the leadership of Andrew Green, the commission became the city's first planning agency and oversaw the laying out of uptown Manhattan as well as the management of the park. After a new citycharter in 1870 restored the park to local control, the mayor appointed park commissioners.

simple present

Form of Present Perfect

	Positive	Negative	Question
I / you / we / they	I have spoken.	I have not spoken.	Have I spoken?
he / she / it	He has spoken.	He has not spoken.	Has he spoken?

For irregular verbs, use the participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs, just add “ed”.

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed	Example
after a final e only add d	love – loved
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled	admit – admitted travel – travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i	hurry – hurried

Use of Present Perfect

• puts emphasis on the result
  Example: She has written five letters.
• action that is still going on
  Example: School has not started yet.
• action that stopped recently
  Example: She has cooked dinner.
• finished action that has an influence on the present
  Example: I have lost my key.
• action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking
  Example: I have never been to Australia.

Signal Words of Present Perfect

• already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now

Exercises on Present Perfect

• Exceptions in Spelling when adding ‘ed’
• have or has
• Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple
• Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple
• Sentences with ‘never’ in Present Perfect Simple
• Questions in Present Perfect Simple
• Questions with Interrogative Particles in Present Perfect Simple
• Mixed Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
• Exercise on the text “Loch Ness”
• Irregular Verbs

Tests on Present Perfect

• Present Perfect: Level 1, Level 2, Level 3

Grammar in Texts

• „History of Snowboarding“ (highlight verbs in Present Perfect) Level: intermediate

Comparison with other Tenses

• Present Perfect Simple – Simple Past
• Present Perfect Simple – Present Perfect Progressive

Social Networks

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• 

  Form of Present Perfect

  	Positive	Negative	Question
  I / you / we / they	I have spoken.	I have not spoken.	Have I spoken?
  he / she / it	He has spoken.	He has not spoken.	Has he spoken?

  For irregular verbs, use the participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs, just add “ed”.
  

  Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’

  Exceptions in spelling when adding ed	Example
  after a final e only add d	love – loved
  final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled	admit – admitted travel – travelled
  final y after a consonant becomes i	hurry – hurried

  Use of Present Perfect

• puts emphasis on the result
  Example: She has written five letters.
• action that is still going on
  Example: School has not started yet.
• action that stopped recently
  Example: She has cooked dinner.
• finished action that has an influence on the present
  Example: I have lost my key.
• action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking
  Example: I have never been to Australia.

Signal Words of Present Perfect

• already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now

Exercises on Present Perfect

• Exceptions in Spelling when adding ‘ed’
• have or has
• Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple
• Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple
• Sentences with ‘never’ in Present Perfect Simple
• Questions in Present Perfect Simple
• Questions with Interrogative Particles in Present Perfect Simple
• Mixed Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
• Exercise on the text “Loch Ness”
• Irregular Verbs

Tests on Present Perfect

• Present Perfect: Level 1, Level 2, Level 3

Grammar in Texts

• „History of Snowboarding“ (highlight verbs in Present Perfect) Level: intermediate

Comparison with other Tenses

• Present Perfect Simple – Simple Past
• Present Perfect Simple – Present Perfect Progressive

Social Networks

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

  Form of Present Perfect

  	Positive	Negative	Question
  I / you / we / they	I have spoken.	I have not spoken.	Have I spoken?
  he / she / it	He has spoken.	He has not spoken.	Has he spoken?

  For irregular verbs, use the participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs, just add “ed”.
  

  Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’

  Exceptions in spelling when adding ed	Example
  after a final e only add d	love – loved
  final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled	admit – admitted travel – travelled
  final y after a consonant becomes i	hurry – hurried

  Use of Present Perfect

• puts emphasis on the result
  Example: She has written five letters.
• action that is still going on
  Example: School has not started yet.
• action that stopped recently
  Example: She has cooked dinner.
• finished action that has an influence on the present
  Example: I have lost my key.
• action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking
  Example: I have never been to Australia.

Signal Words of Present Perfect

• already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now

Exercises on Present Perfect

• Exceptions in Spelling when adding ‘ed’
• have or has
• Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple
• Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple
• Sentences with ‘never’ in Present Perfect Simple
• Questions in Present Perfect Simple
• Questions with Interrogative Particles in Present Perfect Simple
• Mixed Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
• Exercise on the text “Loch Ness”
• Irregular Verbs

Tests on Present Perfect

• Present Perfect: Level 1, Level 2, Level 3

Grammar in Texts

• „History of Snowboarding“ (highlight verbs in Present Perfect) Level: intermediate

Comparison with other Tenses

• Present Perfect Simple – Simple Past
• Present Perfect Simple – Present Perfect Progressive

Social Networks

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• 
• 
• 
•  
• bibliografy:
• ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simpleego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simplev